Where Would We Be Without Books?
Prior to the printing press, all writing was done on parchment or scrolls. Those who had wealth or owned property was able to afford a personal tutor.
So literacy was limited, and confined to the church, the aristocracy, and the ruling classes.
But without mass literacy, internal development, growth, and culture stagnated.
Which was why the Dark Ages lasted so long.
Derryck S. Griffith.